I’m curious about your view on the significance of muscle belly length/insertion points - for example, how people talk about having a “shorter” or “longer” bicep. What are the effects of a short/long muscle belly? Any advantages/disadvantages for each?
There is no universally true answer as it depends on the function of the muscle. The only thing that holds true is that a muscle with shorter tendons will appear bigger.
But from a function standpoint it really depends on the muscle.
For example a short calf (long tendon) gives a speed advantage whereas a longer calf muscle (shorter tendon) gives you a strength advantage. But this is not true for all muscles.