Wasn’t sure which forum would be appropriate to post this in but I was wondering what these references mean? I read them in many articles that are posted on T-Nation. Here are some examples.
Esmark et al. (2001)
Dangin et al. (2003)
Phillips et al. (2002)
Also, what does the et al. stand for?
If you scroll down to the footnotes you’ll see complete source info. The format “Jones, et. al (2000)” refers to a study by a guy named Jones and others (et. al) that was first published in 2000. It’s a shorthand way of describing the study. If you want a complete citation scroll down to the footnotes.
not sure what it stands for, knew at one time but it’s used when 3 or more researchers are part of a study, they just mention one and “et al” the rest.
YGuy
et al is an abbreviation of the Latin ‘et alia’ which means ‘and others’.
Obviously the trick is to make sure you get your name up front so you don’t become an et al!