[quote]Bismark wrote:
The Cult of the Offensive also played a huge role in the rush to mobilize. My original comment in regard to WWI was the frankly laughable comment that the great powers were comprise of “leftist” governments. [/quote]
It depends on what one considers “leftist.” Between 1871 and 1914, as Europe marched towards greater ascendancy, the most notable political development was the extension of the vote to working class males (i.e., universal male suffrage), which contributed to the rise of mass political parties and the need for political leaders to appeal to the wider electorate of the body politic.
I would agree that these changes took place in the continuing monarchial and aristocratic political framework, but democratic self-government was emerging in many nations, and to counter the growth of socialist ideas and appeal to emerging humanitarian sentiments in science, philosophy, arts and religion, governments began assuming greater responsibilities for social and economic discrepancies arising from industrialism.
France domesticated democratic republicanism in Europe under the Third Republic. After 1900 Britain saw the rise of the Labour Party, which dictated positive state intervention in social and economic matters that the older, more conservative laissez-faire doctrines would not have accepted. Bismarck’s imperial Germany, now under William II’s reigns, was moving towards a constitutional crisis over political democracy. Thus, though monarchial as whole, sans France and Switzerland, parliaments were growing in importance. Mass political parties were replacing the established oligarchic political organizations, and support was sought from a wider group of the electorate. Democracy was advancing, even within the status quo. By the late 19th century, most European nations (not including Russia, obviously) had written constitutions, guarantees of personal freedom, parliamentary and representative institutions, and some sort of limits on absolutism; universal male suffrage, as I previously noted, was emerging rapidly. These popular new political movements were convinced they were on the side of emerging progress, and they often gained political, economic or social rights for the groups that they represented.
Consequently, in the standard definition of the term, these were NOT trends towards a more conservative political philosophy - i.e., reactionary monarchism, pro-aristocratic and church, and opposed to all of the neo-liberal advances previously noted. These were progressive, liberal/radical, or what we would today coin “lefist” advances, promoted by the likes of John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham and Ben Constant.