Proven Ways to Reduce Cholesterol?

Well- it`s all said; 1-exercise;include cardio frequency and intnesity depending on factors like age, bodyfat, other sportive/physical activities, et cetera 2-nutrition, fiber und omega 3 fatty acid are scientifically proven to help regulate cholesterol lvels in many subjects: flaxseed is great, oats are good, fesh and dried fruits help with bowel movement which has large impact on cholesterol

A healthy hormon status and function is crucial, too. Make sure to have that in check for many reasons…
i don`t really have to elaborate on that endocrinological aspects since this is T NATION forum…
3-supplements- krill Oil is number one on the list of very effective cholesterol management, even in low dose very efficient-go for best quality only
And, of course, avoid trans fats, to much omega 6 fatty acids, high fructose foods…
Take care.

[quote]BONEZ217 wrote:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

Statin drugs dont claim to do that. [/quote]

:wink:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

On the same hand, fish oil hasn’t been shown to reduce the risk of dying from heart disease…

[quote]whereami wrote:
Isn’t the high cholesterol/heart disease association flawed? I was under the impression that inflammation is of greater concern and that it is the combination of the two (and not just high cholesterol) that leads to atherosclerosis.[/quote]

They go together. It’s not really possible to separate them. The plaques cause irritation which causes inflammation. But the plaques also narrow the arteries and eventually lead to occlusions, too.

It’s been shown conclusively that the potent statins (like Crestor) cause arterial plaques to shrink in a statistically-significant manner. This is from the reduction in LDL-C (and, most likely, from APO-B, specifically). The statins also appear to have some anti-inflammatory effect.

Another interesting study showed that people with basically normal LDL-C but high C-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation) benefited from statin (specifically Crestor) use.

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

On the same hand, fish oil hasn’t been shown to reduce the risk of dying from heart disease…
[/quote]

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

On the same hand, fish oil hasn’t been shown to reduce the risk of dying from heart disease…
[/quote]

Really? The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? - PubMed

[quote]Res Judicata wrote:

[quote]whereami wrote:
Isn’t the high cholesterol/heart disease association flawed? I was under the impression that inflammation is of greater concern and that it is the combination of the two (and not just high cholesterol) that leads to atherosclerosis.[/quote]

They go together. It’s not really possible to separate them. The plaques cause irritation which causes inflammation. But the plaques also narrow the arteries and eventually lead to occlusions, too.

It’s been shown conclusively that the potent statins (like Crestor) cause arterial plaques to shrink in a statistically-significant manner. This is from the reduction in LDL-C (and, most likely, from APO-B, specifically). The statins also appear to have some anti-inflammatory effect.

Another interesting study showed that people with basically normal LDL-C but high C-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation) benefited from statin (specifically Crestor) use.
[/quote]

Plaques are not the same thing as cholesterol level. Someone with high cholesterol doesn’t necessarily have significant arterial plaque.

[quote]Res Judicata wrote:

[quote]whereami wrote:
Isn’t the high cholesterol/heart disease association flawed? I was under the impression that inflammation is of greater concern and that it is the combination of the two (and not just high cholesterol) that leads to atherosclerosis.[/quote]

They go together. It’s not really possible to separate them. The plaques cause irritation which causes inflammation. But the plaques also narrow the arteries and eventually lead to occlusions, too.

It’s been shown conclusively that the potent statins (like Crestor) cause arterial plaques to shrink in a statistically-significant manner. This is from the reduction in LDL-C (and, most likely, from APO-B, specifically). The statins also appear to have some anti-inflammatory effect.

Another interesting study showed that people with basically normal LDL-C but high C-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation) benefited from statin (specifically Crestor) use.
[/quote]

Great info. Thanks.

People who have high LDL-C (not merely “cholesterol”) over a long period of time will almost invariably have atherosclerosis. It’s very easy to show with people who have a generic disorder like familial hypercholesterolemia. Now, there’s some question about the appropriate level of LDL-C, but the current majority thinking is that as low as possible is best.

Read up on atherogenesis. Plaques – atheromas – are formed from the oxidization of LDL-C. That triggers an immune response which eventually leaves a lump on the arterial wall. Eventually, the artery becomes inflamed. The arterial cells then form a hard coating over the lump. This cycle continues.

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

Your link RE: fish oil clearly states: “fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD mortality at intakes of about 1 g/day”. That’s not an intake that one would have to supplement in order to achieve. I haven’t seen evidence to suggest that higher dosages have a significantly proportional effect on blood lipid and CHD risk, but even the higher omega-3 index referred to in that study (>= 8%) can be obtained fairly easily without supplementation.

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

Your link RE: fish oil clearly states: “fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD mortality at intakes of about 1 g/day”. That’s not an intake that one would have to supplement in order to achieve. I haven’t seen evidence to suggest that higher dosages have a significantly proportional effect on blood lipid and CHD risk, but even the higher omega-3 index referred to in that study (>= 8%) can be obtained fairly easily without supplementation.[/quote]
Gotcha. Thanks. But do you think everyone gets 1 gram of fish oil daily, every day? Anyway, that still doesn’t resolve the issue I have with what you wrote earlier about lipitor. The research shows that statin drugs did not lower the risk of death, so what is the point of them exactly?

**Edit: Sorry. That was a reading comprehension fail.

these are just some of my beliefs.

  1. When did vioxx become a statin drug? I thought it was a Cox 2 inhibitor… Celebrex is still on the market and is in the same class as vioxx.
  2. Statins will decrease LDL and cholesterol which will decrease your chance of CHD. At least that’s the simple theory. Does it really work in perfect correlation? I don’t think so.
  3. Taking fish oils great for hdl… but i believe it can also raise your total cholesterol level.
  4. What does your cholesterol profile look like? Why hasn’t your doctor written you a script for SOMETHING? Whether it be lovaza which is pharmaceutical grade fish oil , a statin, or a statin+ niacin combo. Is taking statin’s great? No. But it will help you lower your choleserol. And it won’t kill you. The worse side effect i can think of would by fibromyalgia, which does occur sometimes but still seldom.
  5. Whatever posts talked about exercise and healthy eating do it. No point in repeating those posts.

[quote]zooropa1150 wrote:
these are just some of my beliefs.

  1. When did vioxx become a statin drug? I thought it was a Cox 2 inhibitor… Celebrex is still on the market and is in the same class as vioxx.[/quote]

Yeah that was totally moronic slip up on my part. My bad. But case in point prescription meds that are either dangerous or ineffective remain on the market, when natural substances are never “pushed” yet would likely do just as good a job at a cheaper price. An arthritis patient may have never developed symptoms if they had taken fishoil and had adequate vit d levels their whole life, and especially if and when symptoms did appear the patients probably still wouldn’t need a COX-2 inhibitor med if they were given the option of trying something like a D3+Flameout+FA3 (D3, EPA, DHA, GLA) and Curcumin, Boswelia, etc.

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
If you’re really worried, get some lipitor.[/quote]

Fixed that for you.

Seriously, I had a consult with a doctor several years ago in California who is a leader in researching cholesterol and related disease states re: my high cholesterol (genetic). I mentioned that I had started taking a fairly large dose of fish oil and he laughed at me and said “well, that’s a nice thought”. If your high cholesterol is genetic then you NEED to get on some medication as simply changing your diet and taking more omega-3 isn’t going to fix it.

High cholesterol is a broad condition that can have any number of underlying causes, trying to assign a single catch all supplement as a fix is fairly square peg/round hole.

As for the “statins will kill you, google Vioxx” statement, that’s fairly ignorant. Just because a single drug in broad category is bad doesn’t mean that every drug in that broad category is. Lipitor is one of the most widely used and proven drugs available today. Some of the newere “super statins” may be riskier, but Lipitor is a pretty safe bet.[/quote]

Let me just ask you this: Is heart disease risk lowered by taking statin drugs?[/quote]

Your link RE: fish oil clearly states: “fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD mortality at intakes of about 1 g/day”. That’s not an intake that one would have to supplement in order to achieve. I haven’t seen evidence to suggest that higher dosages have a significantly proportional effect on blood lipid and CHD risk, but even the higher omega-3 index referred to in that study (>= 8%) can be obtained fairly easily without supplementation.[/quote]

I don’t usually post on here, but there is some irresponsible misinformation being propagated here (not you, Stronghold, your replies are quite reasonable).

First, statin drugs are quite simply the drugs that have the strongest evidence available for reduction of mortality for coronary artery disease, in both primary and secondary prevention (that is, for people without a history of CAD and those who already have it, respectively). I don’t know where some people get the idea that statins don’t reduce mortality.

Here are some references from some of the most respected journals today:

Another commonly mentioned (and false) statement is that the reason statins are so widely prescribed is that it’s all about the money for doctors and pharmaceutical companies. This is clearly not always the case. You can go to Walmart, Walgreens, CVS, Target, etc. and get 4 dollar a month prescriptions for pravastatin or lovastatin, and if you cough up a few more dollars, you can get simvastatin. This is as cheap as buying fish oil, if not more so. The newer and more potent ones like rosuvastatin and atorvastatin which aren’t yet generic are the expensive ones. You can always ask your doc to prescribe one of the cheap ones. The reason why statins are prescribed is that they work.

Finally, nobody on these forums ever mentions the fact that LDL lowering is not the only property of statins that is important. In fact, many people would argue that the non-lipid lowering effects, namely atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and possibly reduction of inflammation, impart a substantial proportion of the benefit that statins provide for users of them. No other class of medication that I am aware of including niacin, omega 3’s, fibrates, or fiber has the important effect of strengthening the coronary plaques that you already have and make them less likely to rupture and cause a heart attack.

I am not claiming that statins are a miracle drug–they definitely have the potential to cause liver enzyme elevations or myalgias, but that is in the minority of users. But to dismiss them as a whole simply because they are prescribed by doctors, or because a friend/family member had muscle aches on one would be short sighted.

For the original poster, he’s still a teenager and likely does not need aggressive lipid lowering therapy unless he has a family history of familial hypercholesterolemia. He should focus on not eating sugar/refined carbs, moderating saturated fat intake, and doing high intensity cardio.

[quote]drew1021 wrote:
I don’t usually post on here, but there is some irresponsible misinformation being propagated here (not you, Stronghold, your replies are quite reasonable).

First, statin drugs are quite simply the drugs that have the strongest evidence available for reduction of mortality for coronary artery disease, in both primary and secondary prevention (that is, for people without a history of CAD and those who already have it, respectively). I don’t know where some people get the idea that statins don’t reduce mortality.

Here are some references from some of the most respected journals today:

Another commonly mentioned (and false) statement is that the reason statins are so widely prescribed is that it’s all about the money for doctors and pharmaceutical companies. This is clearly not always the case. You can go to Walmart, Walgreens, CVS, Target, etc. and get 4 dollar a month prescriptions for pravastatin or lovastatin, and if you cough up a few more dollars, you can get simvastatin. This is as cheap as buying fish oil, if not more so. The newer and more potent ones like rosuvastatin and atorvastatin which aren’t yet generic are the expensive ones. You can always ask your doc to prescribe one of the cheap ones. The reason why statins are prescribed is that they work.

Finally, nobody on these forums ever mentions the fact that LDL lowering is not the only property of statins that is important. In fact, many people would argue that the non-lipid lowering effects, namely atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and possibly reduction of inflammation, impart a substantial proportion of the benefit that statins provide for users of them. No other class of medication that I am aware of including niacin, omega 3’s, fibrates, or fiber has the important effect of strengthening the coronary plaques that you already have and make them less likely to rupture and cause a heart attack.

I am not claiming that statins are a miracle drug–they definitely have the potential to cause liver enzyme elevations or myalgias, but that is in the minority of users. But to dismiss them as a whole simply because they are prescribed by doctors, or because a friend/family member had muscle aches on one would be short sighted.

For the original poster, he’s still a teenager and likely does not need aggressive lipid lowering therapy unless he has a family history of familial hypercholesterolemia. He should focus on not eating sugar/refined carbs, moderating saturated fat intake, and doing high intensity cardio.[/quote]

Great post!

You can also get atorvastatin (Lipitor) for $4 at Wal-mart, I will be making the switch to Lipitor from Crestor (THAT is expensive!) after my next physical for that precise reason. Another thing to note is that statin drugs are often prescribed at dosages much higher than what is necessary if the patient is going to be engaging in long-term use. I am going to push my doctor to start me on a low dose with the atorvastatin as he previously had me on 40mg of Crestor/day! For someone with lifestyle related high cholesterol, I could see a high dose being a good short term fix, but I have a family history of hypercholesterolemia and will be on statins for the rest of my life most likely, so I don’t see the need for placing such a heavy burden on my liver and other organs by continuing with a high dosage like that.

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

Gotcha. Thanks. But do you think everyone gets 1 gram of fish oil daily, every day? Anyway, that still doesn’t resolve the issue I have with what you wrote earlier about lipitor. The research shows that statin drugs did not lower the risk of death, so what is the point of them exactly?

**Edit: Sorry. That was a reading comprehension fail.[/quote]

I think that those who are making SOME effort to eat healthfully (ie: not pounding down on the McDonalds every day) and aren’t totally minimizing their fat intake will meet the daily suggested intake of omega-3, especially with the recent trend towards including omega-3 in EVERYTHING. If individuals aren’t making that minimal effort to eat healthfully, then they have bigger problems than whether or not to supplement.

That being said, I think fish oil is a worthwhile expense for anyone interested in their health. There is no detrimental effect caused by consuming more than the RDI of omega-3 (within reason, of course) so a few grams of fish oil each day in addition to a healthy diet “just to cover the bases” is a good idea. Sort of like how I still take my superfood despite eating 3-5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and take creatine despite eating at least a lb of red meat per day. It’s not a magic bullet, but it’s a good idea.

[quote]deadliftgoal500 wrote:
i genuinely don’t know my numbers. my doctor said my blood work in general was “extremely good for someone of my age and generation” [/quote]

This is annoying. Don’t doctors hand people paper after a checkup or anything? Stuff with little numbers on it? If he didn’t give you anything, you should ask for it, you should still be able to get the results from the old blood test. Keeping something as vague as what he said is about as useful as if he called you “pretty ugly”. The fact that he couched it for your age makes me hope the tests aren’t terrible.

Of course, I’ve seen this third hand, where my girlfriend’s grandmother has congestive heart failure and was given, at most, two sentences worth of dietary instruction.

For the original poster, he’s still a teenager and likely does not need aggressive lipid lowering therapy unless he has a family history of familial hypercholesterolemia. He should focus on not eating sugar/refined carbs, moderating saturated fat intake, and doing high intensity cardio.[/quote]

Drew , what is your opinion on this article? I don’t believe the journal is nearly as respected as some of the ones published in pub med. However it’s an interesting read.

[quote]BulletproofTiger wrote:

[quote]zooropa1150 wrote:
these are just some of my beliefs.

  1. When did vioxx become a statin drug? I thought it was a Cox 2 inhibitor… Celebrex is still on the market and is in the same class as vioxx.[/quote]

Yeah that was totally moronic slip up on my part. My bad. But case in point prescription meds that are either dangerous or ineffective remain on the market, when natural substances are never “pushed” yet would likely do just as good a job at a cheaper price. An arthritis patient may have never developed symptoms if they had taken fishoil and had adequate vit d levels their whole life, and especially if and when symptoms did appear the patients probably still wouldn’t need a COX-2 inhibitor med if they were given the option of trying something like a D3+Flameout+FA3 (D3, EPA, DHA, GLA) and Curcumin, Boswelia, etc.[/quote]

I don’t believe for one second that “natural” remedies can do just a good of a job at a cheaper price for many debilitating/chronic diseases. First off, many drugs are derived from nature, for example an active ingredient in a plant. IS supplementing with D3, fishoil and curcumin wrong? No, however they are not miracle products. Taking them would not prevent debilitating diseases like arthritis,seeing how rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.I know there’s plenty of hate for the FDA, but how do you know natural products have what they say they have? That is the whole purpose behind prescription drugs and FDA approval. Furthermore I haven’t seen any “natural remedy” or herbals that are remotely as effective as their prescription counterparts except for St.John’s Wort… and even that is sketch . If you know of any , let me know.

[quote]zooropa1150 wrote:

For the original poster, he’s still a teenager and likely does not need aggressive lipid lowering therapy unless he has a family history of familial hypercholesterolemia. He should focus on not eating sugar/refined carbs, moderating saturated fat intake, and doing high intensity cardio.[/quote]

Drew , what is your opinion on this article? I don’t believe the journal is nearly as respected as some of the ones published in pub med. However it’s an interesting read.
http://www.jpands.org/vol10no3/colpo.pdf[/quote]

I didn’t get a chance to read the entire article, but the abstract and conclusions are sound. The section “The effects of statins” on page 85 is a more thorough review of what I mentioned in my previous post, and definitely worth reading. I forgot to mention to the OP that he should also obviously avoid all trans fats, but I think anyone reading this site would already know that one.

[quote]Stronghold wrote:

Great post!

You can also get atorvastatin (Lipitor) for $4 at Wal-mart, I will be making the switch to Lipitor from Crestor (THAT is expensive!) after my next physical for that precise reason. Another thing to note is that statin drugs are often prescribed at dosages much higher than what is necessary if the patient is going to be engaging in long-term use. I am going to push my doctor to start me on a low dose with the atorvastatin as he previously had me on 40mg of Crestor/day! For someone with lifestyle related high cholesterol, I could see a high dose being a good short term fix, but I have a family history of hypercholesterolemia and will be on statins for the rest of my life most likely, so I don’t see the need for placing such a heavy burden on my liver and other organs by continuing with a high dosage like that.

[/quote]

I didn’t know that they had atorva at Walmart, I’ll definitely make use of that info in the future. Crestor 40 is a whopping dose, I would guess you’re going to need atorva 80 if you want your cholesterol in the same ballpark. You’re probably getting your liver enzymes checked periodically w/ your doc, right? If so, you’ll be ok with the higher doses of meds since you’ll know if you’re not tolerating them.