My Response: SAT Score

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
LiveFromThe781 wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
LiveFromThe781 wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
IQ means nothing. Give me five minutes of conversation with anyone and I’ll tell you how smart they are.

lol. what are you going to ask them? “what is your highest level of education, what do you do in your spare time, how many hours of studying do you do each week, what is your GPA?”

Nothing of the sort. I might not ask them anything at all. We could be talking about training or Froot Loops. The subject is immaterial.

For instance, I could tell you that you’re a moron. I don’t even need five minutes for that. Intelligence has a way of presenting itself. It’s not diction, or education or anything as prosaic as that. Like most indefinable qualities, you know it when you see it.

im a moron but you post on a BBing website and weigh 150 pounds. =P

Hey, man, I’m smart, I just, like, don’t apply myself, man…like…

Honestly, I don’t weigh 150 any more. I leave it up there because it gives something for people to call me out on when I say something they don’t like, usually not involved with training.

But I’m just busting your balls, brother. Even though you are a dumbass.
[/quote]

my bad you prob weigh in at 175 now. stay stong bruh

I tested realy well through school and for MENSA, but have very bad social skills and a hard time applying concepts to real scenarios.

Everything takes work and practice. Most people who are historicaly considered genious have developed their body of work over the course of a lifetime.

It’s not a big bang or flash of brilliance.

I appreciate the responses from everyone.

even the pissing match between live and vicomte. lol

[quote]zephead4747 wrote:
I’m having a hard time grasping the concept of nominal vs. real value (I maybe just haven’t found a good enough explanation. Or this is me rationlizing my idiocy).
[/quote]

Nominal is just the #. Real is what it can actually buy. A good example of this is Zimbabwe their inflation is so high the value of the money is halved every two weeks. Lets assume that a person’s waqes keep up with inflation. They were getting paid $1 two weeks ago and two weeks later they get payed $2. Nominally this looks better. They have $1 extra, but when looked at from the real perspective the value of the $2 is the same as $1 two weeks ago. If they went to the store they could buy nothing extra than they could 2 weeks ago with $1

tkisner you could be a good teacher. You made that sound very simple.

To be honest I think maths is a serious problem. For me I suck at it tooo, but it seems like unless you want to study theology or literature, you basically need it everywhere. In business though, I know some peopel who do accounting and finance and tbh from what they say it sounds like its more about being able to count fast in your head and not necessarily do very advanced maths problems. I could be very wrong however.

Zep do you know what it is you plan on studying in college?

[quote]Der Candy wrote:
tkisner you could be a good teacher. You made that sound very simple.

To be honest I think maths is a serious problem. For me I suck at it tooo, but it seems like unless you want to study theology or literature, you basically need it everywhere. In business though, I know some peopel who do accounting and finance and tbh from what they say it sounds like its more about being able to count fast in your head and not necessarily do very advanced maths problems. I could be very wrong however.

Zep do you know what it is you plan on studying in college?[/quote]

econ, history.

As an adolescent, you are still in a state of rapid cognitive development. It’s tough to pinpoint what stage you might be at, since everyone develops at different rates. Regarding math, some people have to wait awhile before finally tackling advanced concepts. I teach calculus and algebra and see it all the time.

A student tries to take the class in grade 11, fails miserably, then comes back in a couple semesters and does well. I’m not talking about their % grade, but more what I see based on their understanding of questions. Some will rely on memorization, hoping that I will put past questions on exams. Unfortunately, I never use the same question twice, so it’s easy to pinpoint student difficulties.

That being said, some people just need a bit more time to mature, otherwise the material will just go way over their heads. I’ve had students who worked very hard in math, but had to retake it because the understanding was just not there. My exams are difficult as well, since I’m one of those teachers who likes to keep up on the latest assessment research.

Hope that helps

I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

[/quote]
I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

[quote]wfifer wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

[/quote]

I’ll have to disagree with you, as well. At least in reference to math and history. If very little prior knowledge was needed, I wouldn’t have been staring at my paper saying ‘How the hell do you do that, again?’ Math is all about memorizing complex algorithms. Do this, then that, then that and that, take your answer and do this and that, and you’ll get it right every time. If you haven’t put the time in to know exactly how you’re supposed to do it, and even what exactly you’re supposed to do, you will fuck it up.

As you mentioned about English essays, anyone who isn’t a moron can do that because there’s no right or wrong, exactly, and no study is required as there is no memorization. I’ve seen people who are truly atrocious writers (read:complete morons) do well in math simply because they took the time to study and learn how the math works. Obviously being intelligent helps with math as well, but simply taking the time and doing the grunt work of memorizing the steps will take you much farther, at least moreso than any other subject, even science. Logic is much more useful in Biology than Algebra.

I’ve always done very well in history without even trying. There’s enough detail in lectures if you extrapolate a bit using basic knowledge anyone who’s ever picked up a book would know. Of course, I had an AP teacher once who was so fucking stupid I had to put wrong answers on his tests so I could pass. You can’t fudge dates and the like, obviously, but the rest can be intuited rather simply with a basis of general knowledge and an able mind. Not so with maths.

Of course, I’ve been known to pick up a book now and then. But I don’t think anyone can honestly call themselves intelligent when they don’t read. It’s sort of a prerequisite. It’s the ability to apply what you’ve read and learned otherwise that makes you smart.

Math is, on average, harder for many students because of exposure. Plain and simple. We write every day, we talk every day, we read every day. We think about events in our lives, the lives of others, the news…etc. None of those things require math skills to accomplish.

Math, on the other hand, is not used everyday. Outside of high school, many people stop doing math almost entirely outside of basic arithmetic, and even then most people suck at subtracting large numbers.

Do some minds have an easier time with systematic logic, reasoning and rationality? sure, but that is essentially splitting hairs, when the real crux of the issue is exposure.

[quote]Malevolence wrote:
Math is, on average, harder for many students because of exposure. Plain and simple. We write every day, we talk every day, we read every day. We think about events in our lives, the lives of others, the news…etc. None of those things require math skills to accomplish.

Math, on the other hand, is not used everyday. Outside of high school, many people stop doing math almost entirely outside of basic arithmetic, and even then most people suck at subtracting large numbers.

Do some minds have an easier time with systematic logic, reasoning and rationality? sure, but that is essentially splitting hairs, when the real crux of the issue is exposure.
[/quote]

That’s the thing, math is just unnatural.

It’s the Devil’s Language!

[quote]wfifer wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

[/quote]

Agreed about the SAT math. Most of it is very basic stuff, but the problems are set up in odd ways or worded strangely to try and throw people off (which it does). The key to SAT math, strangely enough, is reading comprehension. You have to sift through the bullshit and find the simple problem at the core of it.

Edit: And Vicomte: I’m about the best example you can get of the lazy smart person and I’ve done extremely well in math from grade school all the way through college. (In my senior year now as a math major.)

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
wfifer wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

I’ll have to disagree with you, as well. At least in reference to math and history. If very little prior knowledge was needed, I wouldn’t have been staring at my paper saying ‘How the hell do you do that, again?’ Math is all about memorizing complex algorithms. Do this, then that, then that and that, take your answer and do this and that, and you’ll get it right every time. If you haven’t put the time in to know exactly how you’re supposed to do it, and even what exactly you’re supposed to do, you will fuck it up.

As you mentioned about English essays, anyone who isn’t a moron can do that because there’s no right or wrong, exactly, and no study is required as there is no memorization. I’ve seen people who are truly atrocious writers (read:complete morons) do well in math simply because they took the time to study and learn how the math works. Obviously being intelligent helps with math as well, but simply taking the time and doing the grunt work of memorizing the steps will take you much farther, at least moreso than any other subject, even science. Logic is much more useful in Biology than Algebra.

I’ve always done very well in history without even trying. There’s enough detail in lectures if you extrapolate a bit using basic knowledge anyone who’s ever picked up a book would know. Of course, I had an AP teacher once who was so fucking stupid I had to put wrong answers on his tests so I could pass. You can’t fudge dates and the like, obviously, but the rest can be intuited rather simply with a basis of general knowledge and an able mind. Not so with maths.

Of course, I’ve been known to pick up a book now and then. But I don’t think anyone can honestly call themselves intelligent when they don’t read. It’s sort of a prerequisite. It’s the ability to apply what you’ve read and learned otherwise that makes you smart.[/quote]

Math is not about memorizing complex algorithms at all. Everything in the math classes that most people have to take (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus) is intuitively logical, and from just knowing the basics you can reason through some of the most advanced problems. Most people who don’t do well in advanced math have a very poor foundation in the subject from a young age (usually a lack of interest, sometimes poor instruction). These people then lack the capability to take the more advanced concepts and break them down to an elementary level, which, in my experience at least, is key to grasping a true understanding of them.

[quote]rcsermas wrote:
wfifer wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

Agreed about the SAT math. Most of it is very basic stuff, but the problems are set up in odd ways or worded strangely to try and throw people off (which it does). The key to SAT math, strangely enough, is reading comprehension. You have to sift through the bullshit and find the simple problem at the core of it.

Edit: And Vicomte: I’m about the best example you can get of the lazy smart person and I’ve done extremely well in math from grade school all the way through college. (In my senior year now as a math major.)[/quote]

If reading comprehension is the key to SAT math I wouldn’t have screwed the pooch on it.

[quote]rcsermas wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
wfifer wrote:
Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

I really have to disagree with you. I’ve heard some say that the SAT math is particularly hard because they haven’t done it in a while. I’d argue that you should be able derive all necessary problem-solving methods from logic and an understanding of basic math terminology. Very little prior knowledge is needed.

On the other hand, the verbal section is based on your knowledge of obscure definitions. If you do a lot of reading this won’t be a problem, but that requires effort. I think we all know how easy it is to get through English without ever reading a book…hell, I’ve aced AP essays when I couldn’t name the protagonist.

The only difficult subject for lazy smart people is History–not enough detail in the lectures to test well.

I’ll have to disagree with you, as well. At least in reference to math and history. If very little prior knowledge was needed, I wouldn’t have been staring at my paper saying ‘How the hell do you do that, again?’ Math is all about memorizing complex algorithms. Do this, then that, then that and that, take your answer and do this and that, and you’ll get it right every time. If you haven’t put the time in to know exactly how you’re supposed to do it, and even what exactly you’re supposed to do, you will fuck it up.

As you mentioned about English essays, anyone who isn’t a moron can do that because there’s no right or wrong, exactly, and no study is required as there is no memorization. I’ve seen people who are truly atrocious writers (read:complete morons) do well in math simply because they took the time to study and learn how the math works. Obviously being intelligent helps with math as well, but simply taking the time and doing the grunt work of memorizing the steps will take you much farther, at least moreso than any other subject, even science. Logic is much more useful in Biology than Algebra.

I’ve always done very well in history without even trying. There’s enough detail in lectures if you extrapolate a bit using basic knowledge anyone who’s ever picked up a book would know. Of course, I had an AP teacher once who was so fucking stupid I had to put wrong answers on his tests so I could pass. You can’t fudge dates and the like, obviously, but the rest can be intuited rather simply with a basis of general knowledge and an able mind. Not so with maths.

Of course, I’ve been known to pick up a book now and then. But I don’t think anyone can honestly call themselves intelligent when they don’t read. It’s sort of a prerequisite. It’s the ability to apply what you’ve read and learned otherwise that makes you smart.

Math is not about memorizing complex algorithms at all. Everything in the math classes that most people have to take (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus) is intuitively logical, and from just knowing the basics you can reason through some of the most advanced problems. Most people who don’t do well in advanced math have a very poor foundation in the subject from a young age (usually a lack of interest, sometimes poor instruction). These people then lack the capability to take the more advanced concepts and break them down to an elementary level, which, in my experience at least, is key to grasping a true understanding of them.[/quote]

These ‘basics’ that you talk about are the complex algorithms. They must be memorized, as I’m sure you’ll agree. It’s not intuitively logical, it’s so coldly logical that it goes much farther beyond intuition. Language is intuitively logical. Even if you don’t know the rules exactly, you can still find your way around it. Even a foreign language. Math relies so much on precision and accuracy that it becomes unmanageable in unskilled hands. There’s no margin of error. You make one tiny mistake in the course of solving a problem and the whole thing is fucked, even if you do everything else right. It’s all hard lines and concrete geometry, there’s nothing ‘human’ about it.

Of course, I just hate the stuff. I suppose it comes down to individual inclination.

[quote]masonator wrote:
I’m qualified for MENSA and suck at complex math also, so don’t feel alone…[/quote]

I couldn’t qualify for MENSA and suck at IQ tests but I’m doing a postgrad in complex maths, I kinda feel alone!

[quote]matko5 wrote:
Hey, I’m just wondering what is considered complex math in this discussion? Just to give me a frame point…[/quote]

Anything beyond Measure theory and functional analysis gets pretty complex…

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study…
…anyone who isn’t a moron can do that because there’s no right or wrong…[/quote]

I found English\humanities difficult to get good grades in when at school. Almost counter-intuitive. Sometimes I’d spend hours on a essay trying to make it “perfect” and then get one of the lowest marks I’d ever gotten. Other times I’d just turn in some crap that was just a first draft, not re-written or anything, done in about half an hour and get the best grade I’d ever gotten. It made no sense to me. As Vicomte says “there’s no right or wrong answer” and this confused the hell out of me because the teachers\examiners were associating grades and numbers with questions where there is no right or wrong answer.

Maths on the other hand always made sense to me. There was a right answer and the difficulty was in finding the answer and it didn’t really matter that much how you found the answer so long as the argument was logical. In a maths test your score was deduced logically based on how many answers you got out. I could always leave a math exam and have a pretty good idea on my grade. I never felt that way coming out of an English exam, my grade could be anywhere from D to A. I’d spend way more time studying English than maths to get a way worse grade!

That’s my perspective on things.

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
These ‘basics’ that you talk about are the complex algorithms. They must be memorized, as I’m sure you’ll agree. It’s not intuitively logical, it’s so coldly logical that it goes much farther beyond intuition. Language is intuitively logical. Even if you don’t know the rules exactly, you can still find your way around it. Even a foreign language. Math relies so much on precision and accuracy that it becomes unmanageable in unskilled hands. There’s no margin of error. You make one tiny mistake in the course of solving a problem and the whole thing is fucked, even if you do everything else right. It’s all hard lines and concrete geometry, there’s nothing ‘human’ about it.

Of course, I just hate the stuff. I suppose it comes down to individual inclination.[/quote]

I agree the basics must be memorised. How would anyone know intuitively what 8 times 9 is? The poster did math in college (same as me) so we have a different definition of Basic. In college the whole of Highschool math is considered “the basics” then its onto the hard stuff like proofs and theorems.

Okay, if you have an issue with multiplication then maybe math isn’t for you. =P The “times tables” are a shortcut. Memorizing anything in math is a shortcut. Everything can be derived through logic. Yes, in some cases this is tantamount to reinventing the wheel, but it can be done.

Language is purely our invention. History is memorization; without the facts you can’t do any of the analysis.

[quote]Vicomte wrote:
I think most people who are naturally intelligent suck at math. Other subjects, such as English, Biology, humanities, etc. are very intuitive. Math is systematic, but you must learn the intricate details of the system first, which takes work and study. As others have mentioned, naturally smart people grew up not having to work and study for their success, so they lack the drive/skill to do so when they have to.

I suck at math as well. Basic algebra is fucking difficult, even. Hell, I failed the easy math class my senior year. The one the stupid kids take just so they can tell their parents they took a math class. Kids with helmets on did better than I did.

For comparison purposes, Is cored 550 on the math section of the SAT. I scored 790 on the verbal section, but only because I made a stupid mistake and forgot what ‘vociferous’ meant. I knew nothing about the SAT until I sat down to take it.

Moral of the story: Math is hard for lazy smart people.

[/quote]

Im gonna have to disagree with you here. I find math to be intuitive and straight forward, as well as other sciences excluding advanced physics(because it stops making sense at a certain point, which I did not reach because I saw it coming through math). The people I see that just understand concepts in math and sciences dont have any difficulty in english. The ones that have to work to be good at it, still don’t have difficulty in english. The only people I have seen that have difficulty in english also struggle understanding algebra and wouldnt stand a chance in calculas because the work they would need to put in is just too much.

or just dont want to listen to some crazy marxist/socialist whine about the world. The latter is a matter of patience and worldview, and not necassarily because of the material one is supposed to learn.