[quote]wufwugy wrote:
has any progress been made since “i think therefore i am?” i can now see how we know we exist because we think, but i don’t really see anything beyond that. it seems to me that the only thing for certain is that our senses exist because we have them, but we still question the truth or reliability of those senses. is there anyway to figure things out without being circular or dogmatic?[/quote]
I’m not an expert on current epistemological philosophies, but you can understand the progress of radical doubt to have started in the late middle ages, and continued through to the present. Radical doubt or skepticism is really the root of nihilism, historicism, relativism, etc; all of the value-free philosophies that attempt to convince men that all ethics, justice, and morality is a product of convention rather than inherent in the order of the universe. It is an insoluble problem, at root, but we can make some headway in the realm of ethics. I’ll paraphrase Strauss, as I’m really borrowing his argument.
Nietzsche pointed out in Thus Spake Zarathustra that there is an inherent problem in comparing cultures. He states that there are one thousand cultures, but only examines four by name. Notably, he discusses Jerusalem and Athens. Now, these cultures are no better or worse than the other 996 cultures, but they are interesting because the culture of Greece was inclined to place perfection of the self was the highest good, and Jerusalem, on the other hand, placed fear and faithfulness to God as the highest. Nietzsche speaks reverently of the Mosaic Law, of the Jewish tables. But he points out that they are only tables, no better or worse than any other culture’s. In fact, the various cultures conflict, and this is problematic.
Nietzsche’s response is to radically reject all values, but in contrast to nihilism, to generate new ones (a trans-valuation of all values is the highest function of the superman). Now I’ll skip ahead to the alternative, since I don’t have the space to reproduce the entire argument. Socrates gives us the idea of noetic heterogeity, or the ability to differentiate by kind, utilizing human reason. Rather than exacerbating the modern problem, we ought to return to classical philosophy, and the examination of the underlying differences in kind. That’s the summary… essentially modern philosophy has lowered the standard, and only made things worse. You will find little guiding light in modern philosophy.