Dinitrophenol
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. MARKED FATIGUE, TREMENDOUS THIRST, PROFUSE SWEATING, FLUSHING OF FACE. 2. NAUSEA, VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN AND OCCASIONALLY DIARRHEA. 3. RESTLESSNESS, ANXIETY, EXCITEMENT, OCCASIONALLY LEADING TO CONVULSIONS. 4. A RISE IN BODY TEMPERATURE, WHICH IS ROUGHLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE TOXIC DOSE, MAY CULMINATE IN SEVERE HYPERPYREXIA. 5. TACHYCARDIA, HYPERPNEA, DYSPNEA, CYANOSIS AND SOMETIMES MUSCLE CRAMPS. 6. LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, CESSATION OF BREATHING AND DEATH. 7. LATE COMPLICATIONS: A. DECR URINE OUTPUT WITH ALBUMINURIA, CASTS, PIGMENT, SOMETIMES BLOOD CELLS, DUE TO TOXIC NEPHRITIS. B. JAUNDICE & TENDERNESS IN LIVER REGION DUE TO TOXIC HEPATITIS. 8. OCCASIONAL HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AFTER REPEATED EXPOSURES (OR IN CHRONIC POISONING) INCLUDE AGRANULOCYTIC ANGINA, SKIN RASHES, PERIPHERAL /NEUROPATHY/ … AND CATARACT FORMATION. /DINITROPHENOL/
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. III-157] PEER REVIEWED
IN ACUTE INDUSTRIAL POISONING, NYSTAGMUS /INVOLUNTARY RAPID MOVEMENT OF THE EYE/ … SAID TO BE PRESENT IN CASES OF MODERATE POISONING, & DILATED PUPILS WERE NOTED IN SEVERE CASES WITH POOR PROGNOSIS.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 358] PEER REVIEWED
In a poisoned person, the result is an almost immediate incr in oxygen consumption, body temp, breathing rate, and heart rate. Because circulation and resp do not accelerate in proportion to the metabolic demand, anoxia and acidosis develop. … It is a milder corrosive to skin and mucous membranes than phenol, but concentrated soln have produced corrosion of the oropharyngeal, esophageal and gastric mucous membranes. It exerts direct actions on the cerebrum and lower brain centers, consisting of stimulation followed by depression. In the kidney, it may produce necrotizing tubular injury. If the acute phase of poisoning is survived, the patient usually tolerates later complications, which may include renal insufficiency and toxic hepatitis. The fulminating type of poisoning is characterized by sudden onset, severe symptoms, and prompt death (within 24 hours). Death is due to resp or circulatory collapse, especially the former. Many factors undoubtedly contribute to this collapse, notably hyperpyrexia, … dehydration, muscle rigor (due to heat and/or lactic acid), and occasionally pulmonary edema. … In subacute poisoning due to repeated daily exposures, some individuals complain of lassitude, headache, and malaise, while others experience a disarming sense of well-being, energy, and drive. /Dinitrophenol/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-157] PEER REVIEWED
ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE OF CATARACTS AMONG PEOPLE TAKING DINITROPHENOL FOR REDUCING /WEIGHT/ VARIED FROM 0.1% TO 1%. ONSET OF CATARACT OCCURRED SEVERAL MO AFTER DRUG HAD BEEN USED. CATARACTS WERE OF UNIFORM SORT OCCURRING IN BOTH EYES, APPEARING FIRST IN ANTERIOR CORTEX AS FINE GRAY CLOUDY OPACITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A SPOTTY LUSTERLESS APPEARANCE OF THE ANTERIOR LENS CAPSULE. IN POSTERIOR CORTEX, GOLDEN GRANULAR OPACITIES APPEARED, WITH POLYCHROMATIC SPECULAR REFLECTIONS. WITH RAPID PROGRESS OF THE CATARACT, THE LENSES BECAME SWOLLEN & EMBRYONIC SUTURE LINES WERE SEPARATED BY DARK CLEFTS. SOON THE WHOLE LENS BECAME OPAQUE WITH MATURE CATARACT. /SRP: NO LONGER USED AS A MEDICINE IN THE USA./
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 358] PEER REVIEWED
/IN ACUTE POISONING FROM INGESTION/ SKIN BECOMES HOT & FLUSHED, & PROFUSE PERSPIRATION, INTENSE THIRST, SEVERE HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN, RESTLESSNESS, ANXIETY, DELIRIUM, & GENERALIZED WEAKNESS OCCUR. EXCESSIVE HYPERPYREXIA, ACIDOSIS, & DEHYDRATION MAY BE FOLLOWED BY CIRCULATORY OR RESP COLLAPSE & DEATH.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 977] PEER REVIEWED
/FORMER/ TYPICAL TREATMENT REGIMEN FOR WT CONTROL CONSISTED OF 1 CAPSULE CONTAINING 75 MG OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL OR 100 MG OF THE SODIUM SALT TAKEN 3 TIMES DAILY AFTER MEALS (2-5 MG/KG/DAY). … NINE DEATHS /REPORTED AS/ RESULTING FROM USE OF DINITROPHENOL AS WT REDUCING AGENT. /SRP: NOT IN CURRENT USE IN THE USA./
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 237] PEER REVIEWED
Hematologic alterations in humans resulting from 2,4-dinitrophenol exposure include hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, and eosinophilia.
[USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: 2,4-Dinitrophenol p.5 (1981) EPA-560/2-76-010] PEER REVIEWED
… 27 REPORTED CASES OF FATAL OCCUPATIONAL DINITROPHENOL POISONING IN UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1914 & 1916. … TWO CASES OF DINITROPHENOL POISONING DURING MFR OF PICRIC ACID, WHEN 2,4-DINITROPHENOL WAS PRODUCED AS INTERMEDIATE.
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 237] PEER REVIEWED
DUST: POISONOUS IF INHALED OR IF SKIN IS EXPOSED. SOLID: POISONOUS IF SWALLOWED. LIQ OR SOLID IRRITANT CHARACTERISTICS: CAUSES SMARTING OF SKIN & FIRST-DEGREE BURNS ON SHORT EXPOSURE; MAY CAUSE SECOND-DEGREE BURNS ON LONG EXPOSURE.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] PEER REVIEWED
DUST & VAPOR OF DINITROPHENOL … REPORTED TO BE IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANE IN INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE, BUT NO CONTACT INJURIES … REPORTED.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 358] PEER REVIEWED
2,4-Dinitrophenol causes maculopapular dermatitis.
[ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 198] PEER REVIEWED
FIRST-DEGREE BURNS ON SHORT EXPOSURE; MAY CAUSE SECOND-DEGREE BURNS ON LONG EXPOSURE.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] PEER REVIEWED
Dermatitis may be due to either primary irritation or allergic sensitivity.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 185] PEER REVIEWED
2,4-Dinitrophenol signs and symptoms are fever/hyperthemia (increased metabolic rate), skin discoloration (pseudojaundice), acidosis (metabolic, delayed), hypotension, cataract (subcapsular), hearing impairment (delayed).
[Kimbrough, R.D., P. Grandjean, D.D. Rutstein. Clinical Effects of Environmental Chemicals. New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1989., p. 20] PEER REVIEWED
Administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol does not lead to the production of methemoglobin, whereas administration of the 2,3-, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 3,4-isomers does.
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982., p. 463] PEER REVIEWED
Human Toxicity Values:
Lethal doses for orally ingested 2,4-dinitrophenol in humans have been reported to be 14 to 43 mg/kg … .
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 237] PEER REVIEWED
FATAL DOSE IN ADULTS IS ABOUT 1 TO 3 G BY MOUTH; 3 G HAS ALSO PROVED FATAL IN DIVIDED DOSES OVER A PERIOD OF 5 DAYS. /DINITROPHENOL/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-157] PEER REVIEWED
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
… LIQ OR SOLID IRRITANT CHARACTERISTICS: CAUSES SMARTING OF SKIN.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] PEER REVIEWED
A skin irritant.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1381] PEER REVIEWED
Dust and vapor of dinitrophenol have been reported to be irritating to mucous membrane in industrial exposure … . /Dinitrophenol/
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 359] PEER REVIEWED
Drug Warnings:
Use of 2,4-dinitrophenol as a human dieting aid has produced some cases of agranulocytosis, neuritis, and functional heart damage. … /Former use/
[Horner WD; Arch Ophthamol 27: 1097 (1942)] PEER REVIEWED
Medical Surveillance:
Physical examinations of exposed personnel every six months, including studies of liver and kidney function.
[ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 199] PEER REVIEWED
In exposed workers, blood concentration of /dinitro-derivatives/ should not exceed 10 ug/g. A white cell count should be performed if the exposed person has an unexplained persistent fever. Individuals who have a fall in white blood cell counts should avoid further exposure. /Dinitro-derivatives/
[Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 11th ed. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications. 1983., p. 127] PEER REVIEWED
Consider skin, eyes, thyroid, blood, central nervous system, liver and kidney function, as well as general health in placement and periodic examination. Dinitrophenols can be measured in urine as such or as an aminophenol.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 378] PEER REVIEWED
/Workers/ regularly exposed to dinitrophenol should have their urine tested regularly for dinitrophenol or amino-nitrophenol by polarography or Derrien’s test. /Dinitrophenol/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 637] PEER REVIEWED
Populations at Special Risk:
Protect from exposure those individuals with thyroid, liver, or kidney diseases.
[ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 199] PEER REVIEWED
Workers with renal or hepatic disease /are/ particularly susceptible … /to 2,4-dinitrophenol/.
[USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: 2,4-Dinitrophenol p.3 (1981) EPA 560/2-76-010] PEER REVIEWED
TOXIC EFFECTS OF DINITROPHENOL ARE MOST SEVERE IN PEOPLE IN HOT WORKPLACES.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 636] PEER REVIEWED
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of dust and vapors.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 377] PEER REVIEWED
Chemical indicator makers, dye makers, explosive workers, herbicide workers, organic chemical synthesizers, photographic developer makers and wood preservative workers are possibly exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 185] PEER REVIEWED
Occupational exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,4-dinitrophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of contaminated water. (SRC)
PEER REVIEWED