Being a Vietnam and Iraqi veteran, may I give a little insight. While in Vietnam, 1969, one of our missions was the scenario of a program called Vietnamization which entailed driving the enemy out of an area, conducting civil affairs operations, and setting up an AO (area of operation) to protect the small villages in same area from being again infiltrated by the VC.
This was hard to do seeing that many of the VC lived in the same villages that we were protecting. As we moved to another AO to set up the same operations, the concentrated VC would move back into the former area.
Fast forward to Iraq, 2004, and again, while operating out of our FOB (forward observation base), our missions involved convoy security, area and road security, quick reaction force, gate security, and civil affairs. Again while on civil affair missions we set out to protect the villages outside our FOB and to build a rapport with the civilian population.
This was a hard thing to do (rapport) for the only military that they could associate with was their former military which was brutal towards the civilian population, but over the months, trust was gained but short lived.
AS we were nearing to deploy back home, the new unit that was to take over our FOB arrived. This unit was a hardlined outfit. With the unofficial backing of the higher-ups, the troopers going outside the wire would take rocks and throw them at people and vehicles that they thought were slow in moving out of the way.
In one instance, a civilian who we knew of would park off the road at an intersection and sell goats. We relayed this to the new unit. The higher-ups did not want him doing so, stating that he was observing the goings on of their unit. When he argued that he was only going about his daily routine of selling and making a living, the squad confronting him flash-banged (type of grenade) him.
He was unhurt but sorely irritated. A few days later, two of their squads were ambushed. As we were preparing to leave country from an area other than our former FOB, we received word that a VBIED detonated at the gates of our former FOB and another VBIED made it onto the grounds of the FOB, resulting in some deaths.
Someone earlier mentioned the ROE (rules of engagement) in dealing with the Mahdi Army. The first convoy mission that our unit conducted was to a civilian hospital, 60 miles south of our FOB in Baghdad. We left around 5:00 AM and around 6:00 AM we were to contact Sherrif, which was a source of infromation that dealt with weather conditions, road closures, enemy activity, and ROE for the day.
Due to communication problems we could not reach them. As we continued on to Baghdad, we passed hundreds of individuals dressed in black robes walking towards the outskirts of Baghdad. Later that day after returning to our FOB, we reported the sighting of the black robed individuals.
We then found out that they were part of the Mahdi Army and ROE for the day stated that they were to be engaged on sight. That same night during our nightly briefing, the ROE had changed concerning the Mahdi Army to watch and observe for intent. The next day, we again convoyed to Baghdad and again could not reach Sherrif for daily updates.
As we approched Baghdad, again we encountered the black robed individuals but just watched and observed for intent as stated the night before concerning the new ROE and noticed that this time they were carrying weapons. Upon arrival back to our FOB, we again reported the sightings and were told that if they were carrying weapons, we were to engage even if they did not show intent as stated in the revised ROE.
As you can see it was hard, and I’m sure still is in dealing with the enemy concerning ROE.
Hopefully I was able to answer in around about way some of the concerns involving the problems in dealing with Iraq and her people and that you could pull from my reply answers and insight to your replies.